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Table of Contents
Investigation of Preslaughter Factors that May Increase the Incidence of Dark Cutting Beef ............. 1
Weather-Related Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Dark Cutting Beef .......................................... 3
Comparison of Laidlomycin Propionate and Monensin at Equal Feed Intakes ..................................... 7
Efficacy of Laidlomycin Propionate, Monensin, or Lasalocid Followed by
Laidlomycin Propionate for Improving Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency in Steers..................... 12
Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Heifers Implanted with
Component E-H and Component T-H or Finaplix-H ................................................................... 17
Replacing Soybean Meal and Beef Tallow with Raw Soybeans in Steer Finishing Diets ................... 22
The Effects of Simultaneously Increasing Fat and Protein Levels in Finishing Cattle Diets ............... 26
Effects of Reconstituting Early Harvested Grain Sorghum on Fermentation and Growth
Performance and Carcass Merit of Finishing Heifers .................................................................... 29
Effects of Treating High-Moisture Corn with a Bacterial Inoculant Containing
Lactobacillus buchneri
on Ensiling Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability ............. 35
Preferences of Two Common Parasites for Host Pupae and Habitats ................................................ 40
Seasonal Occurrence of Stable Flies in Southwest Kansas in 1997 .................................................... 43
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 45
List of Contributors ............................................................................................................................ 46
Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case,
give credit to the author(s), name of work, Kansas State University, and the date the work was published.
Southwest Research-Extension Center
4500 East Mary, Bldg. 924
Garden City, KS 67846
316-276-8286
Fax No. 316-276-6028
4
i
K STATE
INVESTIGATION OF PRESLAUGHTER FACTORS THAT MAY INCREASE
THE INCIDENCE OF DARK CUTTING BEEF
by
John A. Unruh, Kelly K. Kreikemeier, Val Reiss, Albert Maddux,
Daryl Henson, and Kurt Werth
1
SUMMARY
holding pen, and loading observations. Animal
characteristics included number received; in-pay
weight; number of bullers removed; number of chronics
removed; death loss; days on feed; number sold from
home pen; number sold from other pen; out-pay weight;
frame (small, medium, and large); age (calf-fed, short-
yearling, long-yearling); breed type (British and British
cross, British/Exotic cross, Exotic and Exotic cross,
low percentage Brahman, high percentage Brahman,
and Holstein); and sex (steer, heifer, heiferette, and
bullock). Feeding pen observations included
dimensions, last feeding day and time, day and time
removed from pen, and behavior/activity observations.
Holding pen observations included dimensions, water
availability, amount and type of activity by the cattle,
and other observations. Loading observations included
day and time of loading, activity, and other
observations. At the packing plant, data collected for
28 of these cattle groups included day and time of
arrival; slaughter day and time; net live weight; hot
carcass weight; weight distribution (<525, 525-735,
735-950, and >950); sex (steers, heifers, heiferettes,
cows, and bulls/stags); quality grade (Prime, Choice,
Select, other); yield grades (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); number with
grubs; number condemned; number discounted; number
of dark cutters; and number bruised/trimmed.
From this information, data were summarized and
plots were constructed to observe factors that may
influence the percentage of dark cutters. Limited
observations for many traits made analysis and
conclusions inconclusive. However, the practice of
mixing cattle from different home feeding pens in
holding pens for a period of time greater than 15 hr
prior to slaughter appeared to consistently increase the
incidence of dark cutters. We had data on pen mixing
and holding time for 17 groups. These groups then
Information on feeding and preslaughter
management was collected for 31 groups of cattle to
investigate factors that may influence the incidence of
dark cutting beef. Mixing of cattle from different
feeding pens for 16 to 40 hr prior to slaughter, which
resulted in resocialization and increased activity,
increased (P<.05) the incidence of dark cutters. Not
mixing cattle from different home feeding pens or
slaughtering cattle within 15 hr of mixing them
appeared to minimize muscle glycogen depletion and
the incidence of dark cutters.
INTRODUCTION
Dark cutting beef is characterized by high
postmortem pH, increased water binding capacity, a
sticky texture, and a dark color resulting from muscle
glycogen depletion prior to slaughter. Dark cutting
beef often is rejected by consumers, and carcasses are
discounted severely. The incidence of dark cutters in
finished cattle varies greatly and is associated with
time of year and preslaughter stress. The objective of
this study was to investigate the influence of
management practices and preslaughter events that
may contribute to an increased occurrence of dark
cutters.
PROCEDURES
County Extension agents in southwest Kansas
collected information on 31 cattle groups from different
feed yards during September, October, and November.
Survey data forms included animal characteristics,
diet, implants used, feed additives used, home pen,
1
Val Reiss, former Greeley County Agricultural Agent; Albert Maddux, former Scott County Agricultural Agent;
Daryl Henson, Grant County Agricultural Agent; and Kurt Werth, Gray County Agricultural Agent.
1
Southwest Research-Extension Center
were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement
with mixed and not mixed as one factor, and two
mixing times as the other (1-15 hr and >15 hr). Least
squares means were determined, and a probability value
of less than .05 was considered significant.
associated with the resocialization and increased
activity from mixing of cattle to deplete muscle
glycogen to levels that would result in the dark cutting
condition. Although not significant (P>.05), cattle
mixed for 16-40 hr prior to slaughter appeared to have
a higher incidence of bruised carcasses that required
some trimming. This suggests that increased activity
from mixing might result in increased bruising and
incidence of carcass trimming.
These results suggest that to minimize dark cutters,
cattle from different pens should not be commingled.
If cattle must be commingled prior to slaughter, the
time should be minimized.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Selected carcass traits from cattle mixed during
holding for slaughter and cattle not mixed as well as
the influence of hours removed from the home pens are
presented in Table 1. Cattle that were mixed and
slaughtered 16-40 hr after the initial mix had a higher
(P<.05) incidence of dark cutters compared to cattle
either not mixed or mixed for less than 15 hr. This
indicates that at least 15 hr are needed for the stress
Table 1. Influence of mixing or not mixing of cattle from different pens and hours removed from home pens prior
to slaughter on selected carcass traits.
Not Mixed
Mixed
Trait
1-15 hr
16-30 hr
1-15 hr
16-40 hr
SD
1
No. of lots
5
4
4
4
Prime/Choice, %
34.6
31.4
40.8
37.6
11.9
Select, %
64.4
67.3
58.4
56.1
11.9
Other quality grade, %
2
.62
.42
.58
.33
.53
Yield grade 1-2, %
70.8
54.5
54.2
52.7
10.1
Yield grade 3, %
25.7
43.6
40.6
44.6
8.7
Yield grade 4-5, %
1.5
4.1
5.1
2.7
3.4
Dark cutter, %
.54
a
.79
a
.34
a
5.97
b
1.95
Bruised/trimmed, %
3
11.0
7.7
11.2
14.9
9.4
1
Pooled standard deviation of the observation; standard error (SE) = SD/
N.
2
Other includes no rolls (standard, C, D or E bone maturity, stags/bulls.
Percent of carcasses that required some trim.
a,b
Means in the same row with different superscripts are different (P<.05).
2
3
K STATE
WEATHER-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF
DARK CUTTING BEEF
by
John A. Unruh, Kelly K. Kreikemeier, and David A. Nichols
SUMMARY
must be coupled with numerous other factors such as
other environment, management, and genetic
conditions.
The objective of this study was to investigate the
influences of time of year and weather-related
conditions on the incidences of dark cutting beef. The
incidences of dark cutting beef carcasses were collected
from random lots and pooled by day, providing 1496
observations from four commercial packing facilities.
Observations were divided into 2-month periods. The
highest (P < .05) incidence of dark cutters occurred
during the July/August period when the high and low
temperatures on the day before slaughter were highest
(P < .05). The lowest (P < .05) incidence of dark
cutters occurred during November/December, January/
February, and March/April, which had the lowest
high and low temperatures on the day before slaughter.
Within the January/February period, cattle slaughtered
when the low temperature on the day before slaughter
was below 5°F had (P < .05) a higher incidence of
dark cutters than cattle slaughtered when the low
temperature before slaughter was greater than 22°F.
In contrast, during the November/December period,
cattle tended (P < .08) to have a higher incidence of
dark cutters when the high temperature on the day
before slaughter was greater than 58°F compared to
either high temperatures of 23 to 40°F or temperatures
less than 5°F. Also during this period, when the
change in temperature the day before slaughter was
over 35°F, cattle tended (P < .07) to have a higher
incidence of dark cutters. While some month periods
appeared to have differences for high temperature,
low temperature, change in temperature, and
occurrence of precipitation on the day before slaughter,
significant differences (P < .10) were not detected
partially because of the highly variable occurrence of
dark cutters. These data suggest that weather-related
conditions may be among the numerous factors
involved in the depletion of muscle glycogen and
incidence of dark cutters. However, weather-related
conditions may only potentiate the incidence and
INTRODUCTION
Dark cutting beef carcasses are discounted severely
and often rejected by consumers. Dark cutting beef is
characterized by a high postmortem muscle pH,
increased water binding capacity, a sticky texture,
and a dark color. The incidence of dark cutters varies
greatly and is associated with preslaughter stress that
depletes muscle glycogen. Time of year and weather
conditions often have been linked with the incidence
of dark cutters. The objective of this study was to
investigate the influence of time of year and weather
conditions on the incidence of dark cutting beef.
PROCEDURES
Carcass data were collected from four commercial
slaughter facilities in 1989 and 1990. Data were
collected from two random lots of cattle per 8-hour
kill shift. The carcass data for the lots from each day
within a plant were pooled to obtain 1496 observations.
The percentage of dark cutters for steers vs heifers
was recorded. Additional information and detailed
carcass data were reported last year (Kreikemeier et
al, Cattle Feeders’ Day 1996, Report of Progress
773). Data were grouped into six periods; Jan-Feb,
Mar-Apr, May-Jun, Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct, and Nov-Dec.
Local weather data (high temperature, low
temperature, and precipitation) were gathered for each
plant site. Previous reports suggest that cattle must be
stressed for several hours (minimum of 6-8 hr)
preslaughter before dark cutting carcasses occur. In
addition, the replenishing of muscle glycogen is a
comparitively slow process. Therefore, temperatures
(high and low) and precipitation on the day before
slaughter were used in the analysis. The high
3
Southwest Research-Extension Center
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Table of Contents
Investigation of Preslaughter Factors that May Increase the Incidence of Dark Cutting Beef ............. 1
Weather-Related Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Dark Cutting Beef .......................................... 3
Comparison of Laidlomycin Propionate and Monensin at Equal Feed Intakes ..................................... 7
Efficacy of Laidlomycin Propionate, Monensin, or Lasalocid Followed by
Laidlomycin Propionate for Improving Weight Gain and Feed Efficiency in Steers..................... 12
Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Heifers Implanted with
Component E-H and Component T-H or Finaplix-H ................................................................... 17
Replacing Soybean Meal and Beef Tallow with Raw Soybeans in Steer Finishing Diets ................... 22
The Effects of Simultaneously Increasing Fat and Protein Levels in Finishing Cattle Diets ............... 26
Effects of Reconstituting Early Harvested Grain Sorghum on Fermentation and Growth
Performance and Carcass Merit of Finishing Heifers .................................................................... 29
Effects of Treating High-Moisture Corn with a Bacterial Inoculant Containing
Lactobacillus buchneri
on Ensiling Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability ............. 35
Preferences of Two Common Parasites for Host Pupae and Habitats ................................................ 40
Seasonal Occurrence of Stable Flies in Southwest Kansas in 1997 .................................................... 43
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 45
List of Contributors ............................................................................................................................ 46
Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case,
give credit to the author(s), name of work, Kansas State University, and the date the work was published.
Southwest Research-Extension Center
4500 East Mary, Bldg. 924
Garden City, KS 67846
316-276-8286
Fax No. 316-276-6028
4
i
K STATE
INVESTIGATION OF PRESLAUGHTER FACTORS THAT MAY INCREASE
THE INCIDENCE OF DARK CUTTING BEEF
by
John A. Unruh, Kelly K. Kreikemeier, Val Reiss, Albert Maddux,
Daryl Henson, and Kurt Werth
1
SUMMARY
holding pen, and loading observations. Animal
characteristics included number received; in-pay
weight; number of bullers removed; number of chronics
removed; death loss; days on feed; number sold from
home pen; number sold from other pen; out-pay weight;
frame (small, medium, and large); age (calf-fed, short-
yearling, long-yearling); breed type (British and British
cross, British/Exotic cross, Exotic and Exotic cross,
low percentage Brahman, high percentage Brahman,
and Holstein); and sex (steer, heifer, heiferette, and
bullock). Feeding pen observations included
dimensions, last feeding day and time, day and time
removed from pen, and behavior/activity observations.
Holding pen observations included dimensions, water
availability, amount and type of activity by the cattle,
and other observations. Loading observations included
day and time of loading, activity, and other
observations. At the packing plant, data collected for
28 of these cattle groups included day and time of
arrival; slaughter day and time; net live weight; hot
carcass weight; weight distribution (<525, 525-735,
735-950, and >950); sex (steers, heifers, heiferettes,
cows, and bulls/stags); quality grade (Prime, Choice,
Select, other); yield grades (1, 2, 3, 4, 5); number with
grubs; number condemned; number discounted; number
of dark cutters; and number bruised/trimmed.
From this information, data were summarized and
plots were constructed to observe factors that may
influence the percentage of dark cutters. Limited
observations for many traits made analysis and
conclusions inconclusive. However, the practice of
mixing cattle from different home feeding pens in
holding pens for a period of time greater than 15 hr
prior to slaughter appeared to consistently increase the
incidence of dark cutters. We had data on pen mixing
and holding time for 17 groups. These groups then
Information on feeding and preslaughter
management was collected for 31 groups of cattle to
investigate factors that may influence the incidence of
dark cutting beef. Mixing of cattle from different
feeding pens for 16 to 40 hr prior to slaughter, which
resulted in resocialization and increased activity,
increased (P<.05) the incidence of dark cutters. Not
mixing cattle from different home feeding pens or
slaughtering cattle within 15 hr of mixing them
appeared to minimize muscle glycogen depletion and
the incidence of dark cutters.
INTRODUCTION
Dark cutting beef is characterized by high
postmortem pH, increased water binding capacity, a
sticky texture, and a dark color resulting from muscle
glycogen depletion prior to slaughter. Dark cutting
beef often is rejected by consumers, and carcasses are
discounted severely. The incidence of dark cutters in
finished cattle varies greatly and is associated with
time of year and preslaughter stress. The objective of
this study was to investigate the influence of
management practices and preslaughter events that
may contribute to an increased occurrence of dark
cutters.
PROCEDURES
County Extension agents in southwest Kansas
collected information on 31 cattle groups from different
feed yards during September, October, and November.
Survey data forms included animal characteristics,
diet, implants used, feed additives used, home pen,
1
Val Reiss, former Greeley County Agricultural Agent; Albert Maddux, former Scott County Agricultural Agent;
Daryl Henson, Grant County Agricultural Agent; and Kurt Werth, Gray County Agricultural Agent.
1
Southwest Research-Extension Center
were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement
with mixed and not mixed as one factor, and two
mixing times as the other (1-15 hr and >15 hr). Least
squares means were determined, and a probability value
of less than .05 was considered significant.
associated with the resocialization and increased
activity from mixing of cattle to deplete muscle
glycogen to levels that would result in the dark cutting
condition. Although not significant (P>.05), cattle
mixed for 16-40 hr prior to slaughter appeared to have
a higher incidence of bruised carcasses that required
some trimming. This suggests that increased activity
from mixing might result in increased bruising and
incidence of carcass trimming.
These results suggest that to minimize dark cutters,
cattle from different pens should not be commingled.
If cattle must be commingled prior to slaughter, the
time should be minimized.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Selected carcass traits from cattle mixed during
holding for slaughter and cattle not mixed as well as
the influence of hours removed from the home pens are
presented in Table 1. Cattle that were mixed and
slaughtered 16-40 hr after the initial mix had a higher
(P<.05) incidence of dark cutters compared to cattle
either not mixed or mixed for less than 15 hr. This
indicates that at least 15 hr are needed for the stress
Table 1. Influence of mixing or not mixing of cattle from different pens and hours removed from home pens prior
to slaughter on selected carcass traits.
Not Mixed
Mixed
Trait
1-15 hr
16-30 hr
1-15 hr
16-40 hr
SD
1
No. of lots
5
4
4
4
Prime/Choice, %
34.6
31.4
40.8
37.6
11.9
Select, %
64.4
67.3
58.4
56.1
11.9
Other quality grade, %
2
.62
.42
.58
.33
.53
Yield grade 1-2, %
70.8
54.5
54.2
52.7
10.1
Yield grade 3, %
25.7
43.6
40.6
44.6
8.7
Yield grade 4-5, %
1.5
4.1
5.1
2.7
3.4
Dark cutter, %
.54
a
.79
a
.34
a
5.97
b
1.95
Bruised/trimmed, %
3
11.0
7.7
11.2
14.9
9.4
1
Pooled standard deviation of the observation; standard error (SE) = SD/
N.
2
Other includes no rolls (standard, C, D or E bone maturity, stags/bulls.
Percent of carcasses that required some trim.
a,b
Means in the same row with different superscripts are different (P<.05).
2
3
K STATE
WEATHER-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF
DARK CUTTING BEEF
by
John A. Unruh, Kelly K. Kreikemeier, and David A. Nichols
SUMMARY
must be coupled with numerous other factors such as
other environment, management, and genetic
conditions.
The objective of this study was to investigate the
influences of time of year and weather-related
conditions on the incidences of dark cutting beef. The
incidences of dark cutting beef carcasses were collected
from random lots and pooled by day, providing 1496
observations from four commercial packing facilities.
Observations were divided into 2-month periods. The
highest (P < .05) incidence of dark cutters occurred
during the July/August period when the high and low
temperatures on the day before slaughter were highest
(P < .05). The lowest (P < .05) incidence of dark
cutters occurred during November/December, January/
February, and March/April, which had the lowest
high and low temperatures on the day before slaughter.
Within the January/February period, cattle slaughtered
when the low temperature on the day before slaughter
was below 5°F had (P < .05) a higher incidence of
dark cutters than cattle slaughtered when the low
temperature before slaughter was greater than 22°F.
In contrast, during the November/December period,
cattle tended (P < .08) to have a higher incidence of
dark cutters when the high temperature on the day
before slaughter was greater than 58°F compared to
either high temperatures of 23 to 40°F or temperatures
less than 5°F. Also during this period, when the
change in temperature the day before slaughter was
over 35°F, cattle tended (P < .07) to have a higher
incidence of dark cutters. While some month periods
appeared to have differences for high temperature,
low temperature, change in temperature, and
occurrence of precipitation on the day before slaughter,
significant differences (P < .10) were not detected
partially because of the highly variable occurrence of
dark cutters. These data suggest that weather-related
conditions may be among the numerous factors
involved in the depletion of muscle glycogen and
incidence of dark cutters. However, weather-related
conditions may only potentiate the incidence and
INTRODUCTION
Dark cutting beef carcasses are discounted severely
and often rejected by consumers. Dark cutting beef is
characterized by a high postmortem muscle pH,
increased water binding capacity, a sticky texture,
and a dark color. The incidence of dark cutters varies
greatly and is associated with preslaughter stress that
depletes muscle glycogen. Time of year and weather
conditions often have been linked with the incidence
of dark cutters. The objective of this study was to
investigate the influence of time of year and weather
conditions on the incidence of dark cutting beef.
PROCEDURES
Carcass data were collected from four commercial
slaughter facilities in 1989 and 1990. Data were
collected from two random lots of cattle per 8-hour
kill shift. The carcass data for the lots from each day
within a plant were pooled to obtain 1496 observations.
The percentage of dark cutters for steers vs heifers
was recorded. Additional information and detailed
carcass data were reported last year (Kreikemeier et
al, Cattle Feeders’ Day 1996, Report of Progress
773). Data were grouped into six periods; Jan-Feb,
Mar-Apr, May-Jun, Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct, and Nov-Dec.
Local weather data (high temperature, low
temperature, and precipitation) were gathered for each
plant site. Previous reports suggest that cattle must be
stressed for several hours (minimum of 6-8 hr)
preslaughter before dark cutting carcasses occur. In
addition, the replenishing of muscle glycogen is a
comparitively slow process. Therefore, temperatures
(high and low) and precipitation on the day before
slaughter were used in the analysis. The high
3
Southwest Research-Extension Center
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